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(December 2006) Julio César Turbay Ayala 1991 painting by Guillermo Camacho. 33rd President of Colombia In office 7 August 1978 – 7 August 1982 Preceded by Alfonso López Michelsen Succeeded by Belisario Betancur Cuartas Colombia Ambassador to Italy In office 1991–1993 President César Gaviria Trujillo Preceded by Oscar Mejía Vallejo Succeeded by Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza Colombia Ambassador to Holy See In office 1987–1989 President Virgilio Barco Vargas Succeeded by Fernando Hinestrosa Forero 17th Colombia Ambassador to United States In office 29 April 1975 – 1976 President Alfonso López Michelsen Preceded by Douglas Botero Boshel Succeeded by Virgilio Barco Vargas 12th Colombia Ambassador to United Kingdom In office 6 January 1973 – 15 January 1975 President Misael Pastrana Borrero Preceded by Camilo de Brigard Silva Succeeded by Alfredo Vásquez Carrizosa 11th Colombia Ambassador to United Nations In office 1967–1969 President Carlos Lleras Restrepo Preceded by Alfonso Patiño Roselli Succeeded by Joaquín Vallejo Arbeláez Colombian Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 7 August 1958 – 1 September 1961 President Alberto Lleras Camargo Preceded by Carlos Sánz de Santamaría Succeeded by José Joaquín Caicedo Castilla 24th Colombian Minister of Mines and Petroleum In office 11 May 1957 – 7 August 1958 President Gabriel París Gordillo Preceded by Francisco Puyana Succeeded by Jorge Ospina Delgado Born 18 June 1916(1916-06-18) Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia Died 13 September 2005(2005-09-13) (aged 89) Bogotá, DC, Colombia Nationality Colombian Political party Liberal Spouse(s) Nydia Quintero Turbay (1948-1986) Amparo Canal (1986-2005) Children Julio César Turbay Quintero Diana Turbay Quintero (deceased) Claudia Turbay Quintero María Victoria Turbay Quintero Occupation Lawyer Religion Roman Catholic Julio César Turbay Ayala (1916-2005) was a Colombian politician, member of the Colombian Liberal Party, elected president of the Senate of Colombia (1969–1970) and (1974–1975) and, was president of Colombia from 1978 to 1982. Contents 1 Biographic data 2 Presidency 2.1 1978 Security Statute 2.2 1980 Dominican embassy crisis 3 Post-presidency 3.1 Support for a prisoner exchange with the FARC 4 Personal life 5 References in popular culture 6 References 7 External links // Biographic data Turbay was born in a poor neighborhood of “Voto Nacional”, Bogotá, on June 18, 1916. His father, Antonio Amín Turbay, was a businessman who emigrated from Tannourine, Lebanon.[1] His mother, Rosaura Ayala, was a peasant from the province of Cundinamarca. Turbay’s father, a hard working merchant, had built a fortune, which he completely lost during the civil war of the Thousand Days War.[2] Presidency 1978 Security Statute In response to an increase in guerrilla activity from the 19th of April Movement (M-19) and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, as well as to the Colombian Communist Party's attempts to extend its political influence and a 1977 national strike, a 1978 decree, known as the Security Statute, was implemented by Turbay's administration. The Security Statute gave the military an increased degree of freedom of action, especially in urban areas, to detain, interrogate and eventually judge suspected guerrillas or their collaborators before military tribunals. Human rights organizations, newspaper columnists, political personalities and opposition groups complained about an increase in the number of arbitrary detentions and acts of torture as a result. Although the Security Statute allegedly benefitted some of the counterinsurgency operations of the security forces, such as the capture of most of the M-19's command structure and many of the guerrilla group's urban cells, the measure became highly unpopular inside and outside Colombia, promoting some measure of public sympathy for the victims of the real or perceived military abuses whether they were guerrillas or not, and was phased out towards the end of the Turbay administration. 1980 Dominican embassy crisis The M-19's late 1980 takeover of the Dominican Republic's embassy, during which sixteen ambassadors were held hostage for 61 days, presented a complicated challenge to the Turbay administration. The incident soon spread throughout worldwide headlines, as ambassadors from the United States of America, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Israel and Venezuela had been taken hostage, as well as Colombia's top representative to the Holy See. Turbay, despite pressure from military and political sectors, avoided deciding to solve the crisis through the use of direct military force, and instead eventually agreed to let the M-19 rebels travel to Cuba. Allegedly, the rebels also received USD $1 million as payment, instead of the initial $50 million that they had originally demanded from the government. That a mostly peaceful resolution to the crisis was found has been generally considered as a positive aspect of Turbay's administration, as seen by later and contemporary commentators and historians. In particular, former M-19 members, including Rosemberg Pabón, the commander of the guerrilla group's operative unit at the time, later recognized and respected Turbay's handling of the situation. Post-presidency Turbay was a supporter of president Álvaro Uribe. He initially opposed the possibility of presidential reelection in Colombia, but he later changed his views, contributing to founding a movement known as Patria Nueva ("New Homeland") in order to help promote Uribe's 2006 reelection aspirations. Support for a prisoner exchange with the FARC Turbay was seen as at odds with some of Uribe's policies, however, in particular due to his activism in favor of the implementation and negotiation of a prisoner exchange with the FARC guerrilla group. As part of this effort, Turbay participated in several meetings with the relatives of FARC hostages and signed several declarations of support, together with other former presidents such as Alfonso López Michelsen and Ernesto Samper. On August 31, 2005, Turbay proposed that the government could exchange each jailed guerrilla for ten "economic" hostages (those held for extortion purposes) and one "political" hostage (those held by the FARC in order to pressure the Colombian government to release its jailed members). Personal life Turbay married his niece, Nydia Quintero Turbay, on July 1, 1948. They had four children together: Julio César, Diana, Claudia, and María Victoria. However, their marriage was annulled by the Roman Catholic Church, and in 1986 he married his longtime companion Amparo Canal, to whom he remained married until his death. A personal idiosyncrasy was his custom of wearing bow ties, a sartorial habit extremely uncommon in Colombia. In January 1991, Turbay's daughter, the journalist Diana Turbay, was kidnapped by orders of the Medellín Cartel and died during a failed police rescue operation not sanctioned by her family. Her kidnapping is chronicled in News of a Kidnapping by the Nobel Prize-winning author Gabriel García Márquez. Turbay died on September 13, 2005. Despite his alleged human rights violations, he was honored by a state funeral personally led by President Álvaro Uribe. He was buried at the Sacromonte Caves at Canton Norte, an army base in Bogotá. References in popular culture In 2009, significant Colombian interest was generated in Pixar's film Up due to the uncanny similarity of the film's protagonist, Carl Fredricksen, with Turbay.[3][4] References ^ EFE, Julio César Turbay Ayala, ex presidente de Colombia, El Mundo, September 15, 2005 ^ Arismendi Posada, Ignacio; Gobernantes Colombianos; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd., Italgraf, Segunda Edición; Page 249; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983 ^ "¿A quién se parece?". Semana (In Spanish). 2009-04-23. http://www.semana.com/noticias-gente/quien-parece/124283.aspx. Retrieved 2009-04-31.  ^ "Cal (sic) Fredericksen y Julio César Turbay" (in Spanish). La Silla Vacía. 2009-06-13. http://galerias.lasillavacia.com/2397/pages/Julio-C%E9sar-Turbay-%96-Cal-Fredricksen.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-14.  External links Find-A-Grave biography v • d • e Heads of state of Colombia United Provinces of New Granada (1810–1816) José Miguel Pey de Andrade · Jorge Tadeo Lozano · Antonio Nariño · Manuel Benito de Castro · Antonio Nariño · Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez del Casal · Camilo Torres Tenorio · José María del Castillo y Rada · Joaquín Camacho · José Fernández Madrid · Custodio García Rovira · Antonio Villavicencio · Manuel Rodríguez Torices · José Miguel Pey de Andrade · Camilo Torres Tenorio · José Fernández Madrid · Custodio García Rovira · Liborio Mejía · Fernando Serrano Gran Colombia (1819–1831) Simón Bolívar · Domingo Caycedo · Joaquín de Mosquera · Rafael Urdaneta · Domingo Caycedo Republic of New Granada (1831–1858) Domingo Caycedo · José María Obando · José Ignacio de Márquez · Francisco de Paula Santander · José Ignacio de Márquez · Domingo Caycedo · Pedro Alcántara Herrán · Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera · José Hilario López · José de Obaldía · José Hilario López · José María Obando · José María Melo · Tomás de Herrera · José de Obaldía · Manuel Maria Mallarino · Mariano Ospina Rodríguez Grenadine Confederation (1858–1863) Mariano Ospina Rodriguez · Bartolomé Calvo · Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera United States of Colombia (1863–1886) Francisco Javier Zaldúa · Eustorgio Salgar · Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera · Manuel Murillo Toro · José María Rojas Garrido · Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera · Joaquín Riascos · Santos Acosta · Santos Gutiérrez · Eustorgio Salgar · Manuel Murillo Toro · Santiago Pérez · Aquileo Parra · Julián Trujillo Largacha · Rafael Núñez · Francisco Javier Zaldúa · Clímaco Calderón · José Eusebio Otalora · Ezequiel Hurtado · Rafael Núñez Republic of Colombia (1886–present) José María Campo Serrano · Eliseo Payán · Rafael Núñez · Carlos Holguín Mallarino · Miguel Antonio Caro · Rafael Núñez · Miguel Antonio Caro · Manuel Antonio Sanclemente · José Manuel Marroquín · Rafael Reyes · Jorge Holguín · Ramón González Valencia · Carlos Eugenio Restrepo · José Vicente Concha · Marco Fidel Suárez · Jorge Holguín · Pedro Nel Ospina · Miguel Abadía Méndez · Enrique Olaya Herrera · Alfonso López Pumarejo · Eduardo Santos · Alfonso López Pumarejo · Alberto Lleras Camargo · Mariano Ospina Pérez · Laureano Gómez · Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez · Gustavo Rojas Pinilla · Gabriel París Gordillo · Alberto Lleras Camargo · Guillermo León Valencia · Carlos Lleras Restrepo · Misael Pastrana Borrero · Alfonso López Michelsen · Julio César Turbay Ayala · Belisario Betancur · Virgilio Barco Vargas · César Gaviria · Ernesto Samper · Andrés Pastrana Arango · Álvaro Uribe · Juan Manuel Santos Persondata Name Turbay Ayala, Julio Cesar Alternative names Short description Date of birth June 18, 1916 Place of birth Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia Date of death September 13, 2005 Place of death Bogotá, DC, Colombia