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Image illustrates DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The first two are nucleic acids. A Nucleic acid inhibitor is a type of antibacterial that acts by inhibiting the production of nucleic acids. There are two major classes: DNA inhibitors and RNA inhibitors.[1] The antifungal flucytosine acts in a similar manner. Contents 1 DNA inhibitors 2 RNA inhibitors 3 Antifolates (DNA, RNA, and protein) 4 References // DNA inhibitors DNA inhibitors (such as the quinolones, acting upon DNA gyrase as a topoisomerase inhibitors)[2] Another group of DNA inhibitors, including nitrofurantoin and metronidazole, act upon anaerobic bacteria.[3] These act by generating metabolites that are incorporated into DNA strands, which then are more prone to breakage.[4] These drugs are selectively toxic to anaerobic organisms, but can affect human cells. RNA inhibitors RNA inhibitors (such as rifampin, acting upon RNA-dependent RNA polymerase)[2] Antifolates (DNA, RNA, and protein) Antifolates act primarily as inhibitors of both RNA and DNA, and are often grouped with nucleic acid inhibitors in textbooks. However, they also act indirectly as protein synthesis inhibitors (because tetrahydrofolate is also involved in the synthesis of amino acids serine and methionine), so they are sometimes considered as their own category, antimetabolites.[5] However, the term "antimetabolite", when used literally, can apply to many different classes of drugs. References ^ http://www.ccsf.edu/Departments/Biology/ctoebe/antibiotics.htm ^ a b http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/antibiot.htm ^ Ralph, ED (1978). "The bactericidal activity of nitrofurantoin and metronidazole against anaerobic bacteria". The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 4 (2): 177–84. doi:10.1093/jac/4.2.177. PMID 25874. http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/4/2/177.  edit ^ P. Denyer, Stephen; Hodges, Norman A.; P. Gorman, Sean (2004). Hugo and Russell's pharmaceutical microbiology. Oxford: Blackwell Science. pp. 215. ISBN 0-632-06467-6.  ^ http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/Chemotherapy/AntibioticMechanisms.htm v • d • e Pharmacology: major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism (A) stomach acid (Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors) • Antiemetics • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives • Anti-obesity drugs • Anti-diabetics • Vitamins • Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs (B) Antithrombotics (Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics) • Antihemorrhagics (Platelets, Coagulants, Antifibrinolytics) Cardiovascular system (C) cardiac therapy/antianginals (Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulants) Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Beta blockers • Calcium channel blockers • renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors) Antihyperlipidemics (Statins, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants) Skin (D) Emollients • Cicatrizants • Antipruritics • Antipsoriatics • Medicated dressings Genitourinary system (G) Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • SERMs • Sex hormones Endocrine system (H) Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones • Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids) • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations (J, P, QI) Antimicrobials: Antibacterials (Antimycobacterials) • Antifungals • Antivirals • Antiparasitics (Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics, Ectoparasiticides) • IVIG • Vaccines Malignant disease (L01-L02) Anticancer agents (Antimetabolites, Alkylating, Spindle poisons, Antineoplastic, Topoisomerase inhibitors) Immune disease (L03-L04) Immunomodulators (Immunostimulants, Immunosuppressants) Muscles, bones, and joints (M) Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants • Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system (N) Analgesics • Anesthetics (General, Local) • Anorectics • Anti-ADHD Agents • Antiaddictives • Anticonvulsants • Antidementia Agents • Antidepressants • Antimigraine Agents • Antiparkinson's Agents • Antipsychotics • Anxiolytics • Depressants • Entactogens • Entheogens • Euphoriants • Hallucinogens (Psychedelics, Dissociatives, Deliriants) • Hypnotics/Sedatives • Mood Stabilizers • Neuroprotectives • Nootropics • Neurotoxins • Orexigenics • Serenics • Stimulants • Wakefulness-Promoting Agents Respiratory system (R) Decongestants • Bronchodilators • Cough medicines • H1 antagonists Sensory organs (S) Ophthalmologicals • Otologicals Other ATC (V) Antidotes • Contrast media • Radiopharmaceuticals • Dressings v • d • e Antibacterials: nucleic acid inhibitors (J01E, J01M) Antifolates (inhibits purine metabolism, thereby inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis) DR inhibitor 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine (Trimethoprim#, Brodimoprim, Tetroxoprim, Iclaprim†) Sulfonamides (DS inhibitor) Short- acting Sulfaisodimidine · Sulfamethizole · Sulfadimidine · Sulfapyridine · Sulfafurazole · Sulfanilamide (Prontosil) · Sulfathiazole · Sulfathiourea Intermediate- acting Sulfamethoxazole · Sulfadiazine# · Sulfamoxole Long- acting Sulfadimethoxine · Sulfalene · Sulfametomidine · Sulfametoxydiazine · Sulfamethoxypyridazine · Sulfaperin · Sulfamerazine · Sulfaphenazole · Sulfamazone Other/ungrouped sulfanilamide (Sulfacetamide, Sulfametrole) Combinations Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim# Topoisomerase inhibitors/ quinolones/ (inhibits DNA replication) 1st g. Cinoxacin‡ · Flumequine · Nalidixic acid · Oxolinic acid · Pipemidic acid · Piromidic acid · Rosoxacin Fluoro- quinolones 2nd g. Ciprofloxacin#  · Enoxacin‡ · Fleroxacin‡ · Lomefloxacin · Nadifloxacin · Ofloxacin · Norfloxacin · Pefloxacin · Rufloxacin 3rd g. Balofloxacin · Grepafloxacin‡ · Levofloxacin · Pazufloxacin · Sparfloxacin‡ · Temafloxacin‡ · Tosufloxacin 4th g. Besifloxacin · Clinafloxacin† · Garenoxacin · Gemifloxacin · Moxifloxacin · Gatifloxacin‡ · Sitafloxacin · Trovafloxacin‡/Alatrofloxacin‡ · Prulifloxacin Vet. Danofloxacin · Difloxacin · Enrofloxacin · Ibafloxacin · Marbofloxacin · Orbifloxacin · Pradofloxacin · Sarafloxacin Related (DG) Aminocoumarins: Novobiocin Anaerobic DNA inhibitors Nitro- imidazole derivatives Metronidazole#  · Tinidazole · Ornidazole Nitrofuran derivatives Nitrofurantoin#  · Furazolidone‡  · Nifurtoinol RNA synthesis Rifamycins/ RNA polymerase Rifampicin · Rifabutin · Rifapentine · Rifaximin #WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: †Phase III. §Never to phase III M: BAC bact (clas) gr+f/gr+a(t)/gr-p(c)/gr-o drug(J1p, w, n, m, vacc) This article has not been added to any categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (September 2010) This systemic antibacterial-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e