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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged since August 2009. Its neutrality is disputed. Tagged since August 2008. Big Sur June fog Esalen Institute is a retreat center in Big Sur, California, United States, for humanistic alternative education and a nonprofit organization which describes itself as being devoted to multidisciplinary studies ordinarily neglected or unfavored by traditional academia "in subjects ranging from meditation to massage, Gestalt, yoga, psychology, ecology, spirituality, art, music, and much more."[1] Esalen offers more than 500 public workshops a year in addition to invitational conferences, residential work-study programs, research initiatives, and internships. Esalen Institute was founded by Michael Murphy and Dick Price in 1962 with the goal of exploring work in the humanities and sciences that furthers the full realization of what Aldous Huxley called the "Human Potential". It soon became known for its blend of East/West philosophies, experiential/didactic workshops, and had a notable influx of philosophers, psychologists, artists, religious thinkers and others. Once home to a Native American tribe known as the Esselen (from which the institute gets its name[2]), Esalen is situated on 27 acres (10.9 ha) of the Big Sur region's coast with the Santa Lucia Mountains rising sharply above the Pacific Ocean. A key geological feature of the site are its cliff-side natural hot springs. The grounds are divided by the Hot Springs Canyon which also serves as a fresh water source along with underground springs. The location is also a Monarch butterfly overwintering site. It is located about 45 miles (72 km) south of the Monterey and Carmel area along scenic State Route 1 (about a three-hour drive south of San Francisco) and nine miles (14 km) north of Lucia. Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Esalen 1.2 Origins 2 Initiatives and projects 2.1 Criticism 2.2 Schizophrenia Research Project 2.3 Publishing 3 Community 3.1 Past teachers 3.2 Scholars in Residence 4 Arts events 5 Current status 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links // History Pre-Esalen Carbon dating of artifacts found on the grounds indicates human presence as early as 4,000 BC. Given access to the ocean, fresh water, and the hot springs, the Esselen people used the grounds regularly, with certain areas reserved for burial grounds. The Esselen population was largely decimated by disease, especially in the Carmel Mission, where introduced diseases such as measles, smallpox, and syphilis wiped out 90 percent of the native population. Today, people in the area can still trace their ancestry to the Esselen. In the 1870s, Thomas Slate visited the site to use the hot springs as he suffered from severe arthritis. He homesteaded the property in the early 1880s, and a settlement began: Slates Hot Springs. The site became the first tourist-oriented business in Big Sur as others sought relief from similar afflictions. In 1910, Slate sold the land to Dr. Henry Murphy, a Salinas, California, physician (who, notably, delivered John Steinbeck). Murphy bought the property with the intention of opening a European-style health spa once the yet-to-be-built State Route 1 was completed which, once started, was an 18-year project. While the highway was being built, the site was used for engineers and others involved with the construction. (The highway was largely built with convict labor although they were housed elsewhere.) The highway was opened in 1937 and then closed to the public with the outbreak of World War II. After the highway reopened, the Murphy family had various property managers, a restaurant operated there, the hot springs were open to paid use, and some hotel units were built in the 1950s although it did not become what Dr. Murphy had originally intended. The official business name was “Big Sur Hot Springs” though it was more generally referred to as "Slate's Hot Springs". Origins Murphy and Price were classmates at Stanford University in the late 1940s and early 1950s, although they did not meet until later at the suggestion of Frederic Spiegelberg, a Stanford professor of comparative religion and Indic studies, with whom they had both studied. In the time since leaving Stanford, Price had attended Harvard University to continue studying psychology, lived in San Francisco with Alan Watts and experienced a transformative psychotic break and institutionalization before returning to San Francisco. Murphy, meanwhile, had gone to Sri Aurobindo's ashram in India and was also back in San Francisco. After meeting, Murphy and Price found much in common and, in 1961, went to the Big Sur property. The two began drawing up plans for a forum that would be open to ways of thinking beyond the constraints of mainstream academia, while avoiding the dogmatism so often seen in groups organized around a single idea promoted by a charismatic leader. They envisioned a laboratory for experimentation with a wide range of philosophies, religious disciplines and psychological techniques. Dr. Murphy’s widow, and Michael’s grandmother, Vinnie, had refused to lease the property previously, including an earlier request from Michael, although she agreed to do so this time and granted free use of the property. This, combined with capital that Price had (his father being an executive vice-president at Sears, Roebuck) and the networking support and aid of Spiegelberg, Watts, Huxley and his wife Laura, Gerald Heard and Gregory Bateson, the experiment soon got off the ground. Esalen was somewhat patterned after a monastery founded by Heard in Trabuco Canyon in Southern California called The College of All Religions, which was later donated to the Vedanta Society of Southern California. Watts led the first seminar in 1962. In the summer of that same year Abraham Maslow happened to drive onto the grounds and was soon an important figure there. In 1964 Fritz Perls started a long-term residency at Esalen and became a major and lasting influence. Perls led numerous Gestalt Therapy seminars at Esalen, and he and Jim Simkin led Gestalt Therapy training courses there. Price became one of Perls's closest students during Perls's time at Esalen. Price continued practicing and teaching Gestalt at Esalen until his own death in a hiking accident in 1985. The method of Gestalt Practice that Dick Price developed[3] remains one of the most important products of the Esalen experiment. Esalen gained popularity quickly and was soon publishing a catalog of programs. The facility was large enough to run multiple programs simultaneously and Esalen started creating numerous resident teacher positions. All of this combined to make Esalen a nexus for the counterculture of the 1960s. Rather than lecturing and listening to lectures, a number of leaders and participants began experimenting with what Huxley called the non-verbal humanities: the education of the body, the senses, the emotions. The intention of much of the new work was to suggest a new ethic: to develop awareness to one’s present flow of experience, to express this fully and accurately, and to listen to the feedback. The "experiential" workshops that grew out of these experiments were particularly well attended and did much to shape Esalen’s future course. Early leaders included: Richard Alpert Ansel Adams Buckminster Fuller Michael Harner Timothy Leary Robert Nadeau Linus Pauling J.B. Rhine Carl Rogers Virginia Satir B.F Skinner Paul Tillich Arnold Toynbee Gia-Fu Feng provided a strong Asian perspective (along with Watts's influence). Esalen was incorporated as a non-profit institution in 1967. Increased attention came to the institute when The New York Times Magazine published an article "Joy is the Prize: A Trip to Esalen Institute" by Leo E. Litwak on December 31, 1967.[4][5] The article was reprinted numerous times over the years in anthologies of outstanding magazine articles. More immediately, the article brought Esalen to the attention of scores of other media, not just in the U.S. but also overseas. Esalen responded by holding large-scale conferences in Midwest, East Coast cities and Europe and opening a satellite center in San Francisco. This offered extensive programs but was closed in the mid-1970s. Many of the offerings seemed meant to challenge the status quo such as "The Value of Psychotic Experience" and even the movement of which Esalen was a part such as "Spiritual and Therapeutic Tyranny: The Willingness To Submit" and "Theological Reflection on The Human Potential". There was also a series of racial encounter groups. Initiatives and projects Esalen Institute exists to promote the harmonious development of the whole person. It is a learning organization dedicated to continual exploration of the human potential, and resists religious, scientific and other dogmas. It fosters theory, practice, research, and institution-building to facilitate personal and social transformation and, to that end, sponsors seminars for the general public; invitational conferences; research programs; residencies for artists, scholars, scientists, and religious teachers; work-study programs; and semi-autonomous projects. – Michael Murphy, Chairman, Esalen Board of Trustees, Esalen Institute Statement of Purpose Esalen has sponsored significant research and education projects and conferences in Big Sur and elsewhere. Criticism Esalen Institute has been described as a product of the Human Potential Movement which, in contrast to orthodox psychoanalysis, believed the inner-self should be freely expressed in order to reach one's true potential and improve society as a whole. This concept has, however, received varied criticism over the years. Examples of this have included the possibility that the relevant techniques might encourage narcissistic or self-obsessive thoughts and behavior to the detriment rather than good of society.[citation needed] Some long term staff even see this as valuable to the culture of Esalen if this stimulates others in their own process, be that anger, frustration, or self questioning.[citation needed] Documentary filmmaker Adam Curtis, in the BBC television series The Century of the Self (2002), has also demonstrated that certain activities of Esalen have failed in their goals and not necessarily met the ideals of the Institute, which should be critically viewed in their historical context [6]. In 1990 a graffiti artist spray painted "Jive shit for rich white folk" on the entrance to Esalen.[7] Schizophrenia Research Project The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (September 2010) The Schizophrenia Research Project was conducted over a three-year period with 127 young males with schizophrenia at Agnews State Hospital in San Jose, California. This program, co-sponsored with the California Department of Mental Hygiene and the National Institute of Mental Health, explored the thesis that the health of certain patients will permanently improve if their disease is not interrupted with antipsychotic chemotherapy.[8] Julian Silverman was chief of research for the Project. He also served as Esalen's General Manager in the 1970s.[9] Publishing Starting in the late 1960s, in association with Viking Press, published a series of seventeen books related to topics explored at Esalen. Some of these books remain in print and Esalen later had a joint publishing arrangement with Lindisfarne Press. Community Given Esalen’s isolated location, the operational staff has been residential from the beginning, and has done much to shape the character of the Institute. The community is steeped in a form of Gestalt that pervades all aspects of the community, including meeting structures, workplace practices, and individual language styles. Many staff members developed novel practices, and went on to become well known teachers. Esalen started year-long residential educational programs in 1966. This was subsequently replaced by month-long work-study programs and year-long work-oriented extended student programs. There was a preschool on site called the Gazebo, serving the children of staff, some program participants, and, until recently, local residents. But it has been downsized due to lack of support from the management.[citation needed] Past teachers Ansel Adams Joan Baez James Baraz Ellen Bass Robert Bly Gregory Bateson Ray Bradbury Joseph Campbell Fritjof Capra Carlos Castaneda Deepak Chopra Phil Cousineau Harvey Cox David Darling Erik Davis Warren Farrell Moshe Feldenkrais Richard Feynman Matthew Fox Fred Frith Buckminster Fuller Spalding Gray Stanislav Grof Michael Harner Andrew Harvey John Heider Paul Horn Al Chung-liang Huang James Hillman Albert Hofmann Aldous Huxley Sam Keen Ken Kesey Paul Krassner R. D. Laing George Leonard Dennis Lewis John C. Lilly C. Allen Lockwood Amory Lovins Abraham Maslow Peter Matthiessen Rollo May Terence McKenna Robert Nadeau Claudio Naranjo Sara Nelson Babatunde Olatunji Dean Ornish Humphry Osmond Linus Pauling Fritz Perls J. B. Rhine Carl Rogers Ida Rolf Gabrielle Roth Jerry Rubin Douglas Rushkoff Virginia Satir Will Schutz Daniel Sheehan B.F. Skinner Huston Smith Gary Snyder Susan Sontag David Steindl-Rast Paul Tillich Arnold J. Toynbee Alan Watts Robert Anton Wilson Andrew Weil Marion Woodman Scholars in Residence Esalen has sponsored long-term residencies including Gregory Bateson Joseph Campbell Stanislav Grof Sam Keen George Leonard John C. Lilly Babatunde Olatunji Fritz Perls Ida Pauline Rolf Virginia Satir William Schutz Brother David Steindl-Rast Alan Watts and others who have lived and worked at Esalen as part of this program. Arts events In 1965 Joan Baez led a workshop titled “The New Folk Music” which featured a free open performance. This grew into the first of seven “Big Sur Folk Festivals” featuring many of the music luminaries of the era. The 1969 concert included performers who had just come from the Woodstock Music & Arts Fair, and it is featured in the documentary film Celebration at Big Sur (1971). Those that have performed at Esalen include: Joan Baez Ysaye Maria Barnwell Blood, Sweat & Tears Jackson Browne The Chambers Brothers Judy Collins James Cotton Creedence Clearwater Revival Bob Dylan Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young David Darling John Densmore Donovan Fred Frith Jimmie Dale Gilmore Roy Hargrove George Harrison Paul Horn Charlie Hunter Henry Kaiser Ali Akbar Khan Bruce Langhorne Kenny Loggins Taj Mahal The Mermen Jim Messina Joni Mitchell Airto Moreira Olatunji Michel Petrucciani Flora Purim Bonnie Raitt John Sebastian Ravi Shankar Simon and Garfunkel Bruce Springsteen Ringo Starr Three Fish John Trudell Paul Winter John Cage and Robert Rauschenberg performed together at Esalen. Robert Bly, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Allen Ginsberg, Michael McClure, Kenneth Rexroth (Rexroth having led one of the very first workshops), Gary Snyder and others have held poetry readings and/or workshops. In 1994, President and CEO Sharon Thom created an Artist-in-Residence program to provide artists with a two-week retreat in which to focus on works in progress, interacting with the staff, offering informal gatherings and performances on the newly created dance platform surrounded by a Dionysian amphitheatre. Located next to the Art Barn, the dance platform has also been used by Esalen teachers in dance and the martial arts, as well as serving as the base of the 36-foot Chartres/Grace Cathedral labyrinth, provided by Lauren Artress, Ph.D. In 1995 and 1996, Esalen hosted two Art Festivals, which not only gathered together artists, poets, musicians, photographers, and performance artists, as well as New York artist Margot McLean, philosopher James Hillman, Michael Hedges and Baez, but also allowed all staff members to attend every class and performance that did not interfere with their schedule. This inclusive spirit was extended to most Invited Conferences for the first time in Esalen's history. Current status Esalen has recently focused upon issues of ecological sustainability and sought to strengthen ties with surrounding communities and institutions, including the University of California at Santa Cruz, with which it has partnered to develop programs allowing students to test concepts of sustainable agriculture on the institute's agricultural lands. Staff members serve in the volunteer Big Sur Fire Department as well as search and rescue teams. They also volunteer at local public schools and fight forest fires in order to preserve the heritage of the Big Sur landscape. Esalen continues to offer workshops to its visitors each year, most of them focused on the integration of humanistic psychology, bodily wellness, and community-building. Workshops cover many subjects including: arts, Gestalt, ecopsychology, health, integral thought, martial arts, massage, dance, mythology, philosophical inquiry, somatics, spiritual and religious studies, wilderness, yoga, mindfulness, permaculture and sustainability. See also Dick Price Michael Murphy New Age movement References ^ Esalen Frequently Asked Questions - About Esalen. Esalen website. Retrieved July 12, 2009. ^ Kripal 2007, p.30 ^ Manual of Gestalt Practice in the tradition of Dick Price ^ Kirpal 2007, p. 287 ^ Litwak, Leo E. (December 31, 1967). "A Trip to Esalen Institute -- Joy Is the Prize". The New York Times Magazine. pp. 119-?. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D11FF3554157A93C3AA1789D95F438685F9&scp=1&sq=A%20Trip%20to%20Esalen%20Institute%20Joy%20Is%20the%20Prize%20&st=cse.  Abstract accessed August 4, 2008. (Full article requires paid subscription to access; full article in PDF format.) ^ http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6111922724894802811 ^ Kripal, Jeffrey (2007 p. 401) ^ Anderson, Walter Truett. The Upstart Spring: Esalen and the Human Potential Movement: The First Twenty Years. pp. 217-219. ISBN 0-595-30735-3 ^ Julian Silverman's Memorial Page Further reading Anderson, Walter Truett (2004). The Upstart Spring: Esalen and the Human Potential Movement: The First Twenty Years. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-595-30735-3.  Kripal, Jeffrey (2007). Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45369-3.  Kripal, Jeffrey and Glenn W. Shuck, ed (2005). On The Edge Of The Future: Esalen And The Evolution Of American Culture. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21759-8.  Miller, Stuart (1971). Hot Springs: The True Adventures of the First New York Jewish Literary Intellectual in the Human-Potential Movement. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-226-45369-3.  Norman, Jeff (2004). Big Sur. Images of America Series. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2913-3.  External links This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links. (October 2010) Esalen.org Esalen Center for Theory and Research Esalen Alumni Group In Murphy's Kingdom by Jackie Krentzman Excerpts from an interview with Dick Price Michael Murphy biography Monterey County Weekly Esalen feature "Totally on Fire: The Experience of Founding Esalen" excerpted from Esalen: America and the Religion of No Religion by Jeffrey J. Kripal Photo Gallery - Esalen Institute, California Coordinates: 36°07′37″N 121°38′30″W / 36.12701°N 121.64159°W / 36.12701; -121.64159