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The Jane Schaffer paragraph (commonly known as a Schaffer paragraph, Schaeffer paragraph, or Schæffer paragraph, and misspelled as Shaffer paragraph and Shafer paragraph) is a five-sentence paragraph developed by Jane Schaffer, used to write essays.[1] The paragraph only makes up one of many paragraphs in an essay, most of which have a non-Schaffer-like intro and conclusion. The Schaffer paragraph is utilized in some U.S. middle schools and in early high school classes as it is thought to help students better formulate ideas.[2][3] When students have fully learned the Schaffer paragraph or move on to a higher grade level, the Schaffer paragraph generally is not preferred any longer since using it hinders students from formulating their ideas to an extent and does not allow critical thinking.[2][3] Contents 1 Format 1.1 Topic sentence or statement (TS) 1.2 Concrete detail (CD) 1.3 Commentary (CM) 1.4 Concluding or closing sentence (CS) 2 Requirements 3 References 4 External links Format A quick overview of the default Schaffer paragraph[1]: Topic sentence (TS) Concrete Detail (CD) Commentary (CM) Commentary (CM) Closing/Concluding sentence (CS) Note: Some Schaffer paragraphs may have additional CD's and CM's before the CS while following the 1:2 ratio as follows: Topic sentence (TS) Concrete Detail (CD) Commentary (CM) Commentary (CM) Concrete Detail (CD) Commentary (CM) Commentary (CM) Closing/Concluding sentence (CS) Topic sentence or statement (TS) This sentence should state the main point of the paragraph and be straight to the point. Examples: Cinderella leads a miserable life. Concrete detail (CD) This sentence is the "what" sentence and is a fact that shows "what" is happening. It should be either facts, examples, illustrations, evidence, support, plot references, paraphrases, citations, quotations, plot summary, etc. It should be a concrete detail and should start with 'for example' or a different transition. Examples: For example, she does all the cooking, cleaning, and sewing. Commentary (CM) There are two or three commentary sentences in each chunk. They contain no facts, rather, comments from the paragraph writer about the fact presented in the CD. This sentence contains analysis, interpretation, character feelings, opinions, inference, insight, reasons, or color commentator. It is important that the commentary explain how the concrete detail helps prove the writer's point (the TS). Examples: CM1: This shows that she feels taken advantage of by her selfish stepmother and stepsisters. CM2: This is important because her horrible life gives her a present, her fairy godmother. Concluding or closing sentence (CS) The Concluding Sentence (CS) is the closing sentence that wraps up the TS and sums up the paragraph. It closes up the thoughts and gives insight to the next paragraph. Again, it is a good idea to use as many (at least two) feeling, emotional, or connotative words as possible. It usually begins with "As a result" or another concluding phrase. Examples: As a result, she becomes a princess. Requirements It must not be written in first person Every paragraph must be five sentences long, however there can be more as long as the same ratio of two CM's to every CD is kept [4] Each section (TS, CD, CM, CS) is only one sentence in length Each section should also avoid past tense and only be written in present tense References ^ a b Jane Schaffer How-To ^ a b http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8274(200009)90%3A1%3C61%3ATPOFW(%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23&cookieSet=1 ^ a b http://www.jstor.org/pss/808912 ^ Jane Schaffer Paragraph Construction External links More details on the Schaffer paragraph