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Rabbi Yosef ben Moshe Mammon (Maimon) Maravi (1741 – 7 December 1822) is the spiritual leader credited with helping strengthen religious observance and introducing the Sephardic liturgy to the Bukharian Jewish community. The title Maaravi signifies his North African (Maghreb) ancestry. Rabbi Mammon is a descendant of Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon or Maimonides.[citation needed] Born in either Tetouan or Meknes in Morocco, Rabbi Mammon made aliyah to teach in a yeshiva in the city of Safed. Like most yeshivas at the time, Maimon's yeshiva relied on donations from the diaspora communities. It was during his search for funds in 1793 that Rabbi Mammon arrived in Bukhara, and chose to stay, in order to strengthen Judaism within the local Jewish population. At the time, the region was under the control of Muslim fundamentalists, who pressured the local Jews to convert to Islam. The community's physical isolation from major centers of Jewish learning was a result of the Bukhara Emirate's policy of closed borders, intended to avoid involvement in the Great Game. For the local Jews, this meant less opportunities to connect with the larger Jewish community.[1] According to Mammon, at the time of his arrival, Bukhara had only two copies of the Torah, with only three of the five holy books within them. At the time, most Bukharian Jews were illiterate in Hebrew, and the rabbi doubted the kashrut of their food. The community also adhered to the Persian liturgy of prayer, which was composed in the tenth century by the Saadiah Gaon. Mammon encouraged the community to adopt the Sephardic liturgy by writing letters to dispora communities, requesting books. He established yeshivas, and his children continued his work.[2] He also founded Hibbat Zion, a precursor to Zionism, and encouraged aliyah to Palestine.[3] Early 19th travelers to Bukhara, including Jewish apostate and missionary Joseph Wolff, described in detail the impact of Yosef Mammon on the culture and religion of the Bukharian Jews. Yosef Mammon died in Bukhara. One of his descendants was Esther Gaonoff, the wife of Shlomo Moussaieff (rabbi). Moussaieff's and Gaonoff's grandson is Shlomo Moussaieff (businessman) and their great grandchildren are author Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and First Lady of Iceland Dorrit Moussaieff.[citation needed] References ^ Fuzailoff, Giora. "Rabbinic Succession in Bukhara 1790-1930". BJews.com. http://www.bukharianjews.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=130&page=1&POSTNUKESID=3be37cd3d7365faff646213a81ecff18.  ^ Ochildiev, D.; Pinkhasov, R.; Kalontarov, I. (2007). A History and Culture of the Bukharian Jews. New York: Roshnoyi-Light. p. 41. ISBN 1893552098.  ^ "Jewish Virtual Library". http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Bukharan_Jews.html#2.  Further reading Moshavi, B.: "R'Yosef ben Moshe Mammon, sheliah Tzefat beBukhara." In Talpiot, Vol.9, No. 3-4, pp.873-886, 1970. (Hebrew) Wolff, J. Researches and Missionary Labours among the Jews, Mohammedans, other Sects. London, 1835. (English) Persondata Name Mammon, Yosef Alternative names Short description Date of birth 1741 Place of birth Date of death 7 December 1822 Place of death