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Heterobasidion annosum Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Basidiomycetes Subclass: Incertae sedis Order: Russulales Family: Bondarzewiaceae Genus: Heterobasidion Species: H. annosum Binomial name Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., (1888) Synonyms Boletus annosus Boletus cryptarum Fomes annosus Fomes annosus f. cryptarum Fomes cryptarum Fomitopsis annosa Friesia annosa Heterobasidion annosum f. cryptarum Heterobasidion cryptarum Physisporus makraulos Placodes annosus Polyporus annosus Polyporus cryptarum Polyporus fuscus Polyporus irregularis Polyporus makraulos Polyporus marginatoides Polyporus scoticus Polyporus subpileatus Polystictoides fuscus Polystictus cryptarum Poria cryptarum Poria macraula Pycnoporus annosus Scindalma annosum Scindalma cryptarum Spongioides cryptarum Trametes annosa Trametes radiciperda Ungulina annosa Ungulina annosa f. cryptarum Ungulina annosa f. makraulos Heterobasidion annosum Heterobasidion annosum is a basidiomycete fungus in the family Bondarzewiaceae. It is considered to be the most economically important forest pathogen in the Northern Hemisphere. Heterobasidion annosum is widespread in forests in the United States and is responsible for the loss of one billion U.S. dollars annually. This fungus has been known by many different names. Commonly, it is also known as annosum root rot. First described by Fries in 1821, it was known by the name Polyporus annosum. Later, it was found to be linked to conifer disease by Hartig in 1874, and was re-named Fomes annosus by H. Karsten. Its current name of Heterobasion annosum was given by Brefeld in 1888. Heterobasidion annosum is one of the most destructive diseases of conifers.[1] Contents 1 Ecology and Life Cycle 2 Identification 3 Symptoms and signs of disease 4 Isolation 5 Management 6 External links 7 References // Ecology and Life Cycle A pine tree (Pinus flexilis). In the summertime, basidiospores, the primary infective propagules, are released. These basidiospores are carried long distances by wind currents and fall on the infect tree stumps that have been freshly cut. Once on the stump of the freshly cut tree, the fungus colonizes and moves into the root via mycelium. The Heterobasion annosum moves short distances from the roots of an infected stump through root graphs with other trees. Since this fungus can not move very far in its own soil, it relies on growth in the roots of trees, in these roots, it can grow 0.1–2.0 m per year. This results in movement of infected trees and disease gaps in the forest. When the trees dies it causes gaps in the forest canopy, which affects the moisture and sunlight available, altering the habitats for plants and animals on the forest floor. Spiniger meineckellus, the name for of the asexual stage of this fungus, is produced on stumps when the conditions are moist, and the conidiospores that are produced will be able to live in the soil for up to ten months. The role of conidiospores is unknown in the infection process and is not thought to be important.[1] Identification diseased tree Identification of the fruiting bodies of the fungus, which are also known as basidiocarps, are formed whitish in margins, button shaped pads, and have the top of their surface dark brown. This fruiting body is created from mycelium, the mass that forms around the vegetative portion of the a tree body that has no differentiation into its distinct members, like that of a stem, leaves, or in this case roots. Basidiocarps are about 40 cm in diameter and 3.5 cm thick.[1] The lower surface of the fruiting body is made of visible pores that are 5 mm and range up to 26 mm. Sexual spores are created from the basidiocarps, called basidiospores. Conidiospores occur in the sexual stage and are produced on conidiophores. Conidiospores and basidiospores are both produced by fungus, but the most vulnerable to the conifer trees is the basidiospores. This fungus infects wounds on roots or stems, and fresh surfaces on trees; insects that feed on roots and root contact are the primary reasons of the fungus to spread.[1][2] Symptoms and signs of disease Symptoms and signs of fungus disease are often found underground. The H. annosum infections cause an abnormal change in structure in the roots that climbs up to the butt of the tree. More than half the tree may be killed before any symptoms appear to the human eye. Basidiocarps can take up to one and a half or even three years to be visible. This infections causes the trees to have abnormal needle growth, pale yellow barks, and the trees to wither and die. The white rot fungus found in the roots is the sign of telling whether the tree has been affected by H. annosum. The bark changes colors as the stages progress, they go from pale yellow, to a crusty light brown, and finally in its advanced stage it turns white with the signature of Fomes annosus ― a sprinkled streak of black spots. Another sign is the leaking part of the root that causes a compact mass to form between it and the sand.[1] Isolation There are several ways to isolate Heterobasidion annosum. Water agar could be used with infected host tissue to produce conidiophores which a simple or branched part hypha of a fungus to eliminate heterobasidion annosum. Another way of isolating heterobasidion annosum is by using the thin disks of living sapwood from Picea abies. By cutting the thin disks into petri dishes which is used to culture bacteria and placing them on moist filter paper, this technique allows spores to be captured from the air, and result in the asexual stage of the fungus forming on the disks.[1] Management Theoretically, a root can be suppressed during all stages of its life cycle. There are three managements of Heterobasidion annosum: silvicultural control measure, chemical methods and biological control. Silvicultural control is planting a species with low susceptibility. This could lower the root rot problem and free an infested site from inoculum. A more extreme measure is to remove the infested site from inoculum. Furthermore, proper planning and mixture schemes produce a better yield than pure plantation. An alternative species could always be used for protection against H. annosum. Chemical methods include prophylactic stump treatment immediately after the failure of the prevention of infection. The stump protection is realized by hydrolysis of the compound by the enzyme urease in the living wood tissue, resulting in formation of ammonia and a rise in pH to a level that H. annosum can not tolerate and mycelia are unable to survive. Biological control is an alternative to chemical control. Currently, a number of fungal species such as Phlebiopsis gigantea, Bjerkandera adusta and Fomitopsis pinicola have been tested on stumps as competitors and antagonists against H. annosum. However, among these, only Phlebiopsis gigantea shows good results of eliminating H. annosum.[1] External links Index Fungorum USDA ARS Fungal Database [1] References ^ a b c d e f g Adomas A, Asiebu FO ,Stenlid J. (2005). Conifer root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s.l. Molecular Plant Pathology 6(4): 395-409 ^ Manion, Paul D. (1990). Tree disease concepts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-929423-6.  Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Heterobasidion annosum