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For the ancient king, see Alexander the Great. Alexander King of the Hellenes Reign 11 June 1917 – 25 October 1920 Predecessor Constantine I Successor Constantine I Spouse Aspasia Manos Issue Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia House House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Father Constantine I of Greece Mother Sophia of Prussia Born 1 August 1893(1893-08-01) Athens, Greece Died 25 October 1920(1920-10-25) (aged 27) Athens, Greece Burial Royal Cemetery, Tatoi Palace, Greece Religion Greek Orthodox House of Oldenburg (Glücksburg branch) Alexander Children    Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia 30 Drachma coin of 1963, commemorating the centennial of the reign of the House of Glücksburg. Clockwise from the top: Paul, George II, Alexander, Constantine I and George I. Alexander (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, Aléxandros; 1 August 1893 – 25 October 1920) ruled Greece as King of the Hellenes from 1917 to 1920 until his unusual death as the result of sepsis contracted by being bitten by two monkeys. Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 3 Death 4 Ancestry 5 Sources 6 Footnotes and references // Early life He was born on 1 August 1893 (20 July O.S.) at Tatoi near Athens, the second son of Constantine I and his wife, Sophie of Prussia. Reign In 1917, Constantine I insisted that Greece remain neutral in World War I, while Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos was determined to go to war in support of the Triple Entente. At Venizelos' invitation, French and British troops entered Greece and forced Constantine I and his first born son Crown Prince George into exile (see National Schism). Young Alexander, a proponent of the Megali Idea, was enthroned as King; in reality he had absolutely no power and was a rubber stamp for the Prime Minister, and his only real task was to visit the front frequently and rally the troops. On one major issue, however, he did defy Venizelos: on 4 November 1919 he eloped with Aspasia Manos (1896–1972), a commoner,[1] daughter of Colonel Petros Manos, causing a scandal and infuriating Venizelos. Aspasia was forced to flee Athens until the crisis was resolved and the wedding was legalized without Aspasia being recognised as queen, she was to be known as "Madame Manos". Six months later, the young couple left for Paris, on condition that they neither travel nor appear at official functions together.[2] Soon after, the Treaty of Sèvres was signed in August 1920. The Treaty was extremely favourable to Greece giving her large territories in Thrace and around Smyrna in modern-day Turkey. Alexander became King of a much-enlarged Greek state.[3] Death Although history has unfairly described King Alexander as a careless pet owner who died from a bite "from his pet monkey";[4] the 27-year-old monarch actually died after defending his pet dog from an attack during a walk through the Royal Gardens, and he suffered wounds from two of the monkeys. The attack occurred on 2 October 1920.[5] In the report dispatched from Europe, it was stated that the King had been walking in the park with a pet dog, when the dog was attacked by a monkey. The King fended off the monkey with a stick but in the fight the monkey bit him on the hand slightly. "Another monkey rushed to the defense of his mate, and in fending it off, the King received another bite which severely lacerated a gland. The infection which set in following the bites gradually poisoned the King's entire system ..."[6] Both animals were found to have been diseased after they were destroyed.[7] Within days, he developed a severe reaction to the infection, and after initial signs of improvement, became critically ill on 12 October.[8] On 25 October 1920 King Alexander died at Athens, of sepsis.[9] His father Constantine I was permitted to return to Greece as King. Eventually, King Constantine would lead the Greeks to engage in the Greco-Turkish War which resulted in Greece's defeat, a quarter of a million military and civilian casualties and the end of the Megali Idea. Winston Churchill would later write that "it was a monkey bite that caused the death of those 250,000 people."[10] The territory gained on the Turkish mainland during Alexander’s reign was lost. King Alexander's only child, born after his death, was Princess Alexandra of Greece (1921–1993), who later married Peter II, King of Yugoslavia. Her mother, Madame Manos, was granted the style "Princess Alexander" by the restored King Constantine.[11] The city of Alexandroupolis (formerly Dedeagatch), near the river Evros on the Greco-Turkish border, was renamed after him in 1920 on the occasion of his visit there. He was the first King of Greece to visit the city since its capture by the Hellenic Army during World War I, and the official change of guard between Bulgarian and Greek officials on 14 May 1920. Alexander is unusual among monarchs as he ruled in exception to standard primogeniture tradition. He assumed the throne upon the abdication of his father, though his older brother George still lived. In addition, his older brother would later become King of the Hellenes in his own right, providing a rare case where an older brother would succeed a younger one to the throne (though in this case not directly). Ancestry Ancestors of Alexander of Greece                                     Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg               Christian IX of Denmark                       Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)               George I, King of the Hellenes                             Prince William of Hesse               Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)                       Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark               Constantine I, King of the Hellenes                                   Nicholas I of Russia               Grand Duke Konstantine Nicholaievich of Russia                       Princess Charlotte of Prussia               Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia                             Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg               Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg                       Amelia of Württemberg               Alexander I, King of the Hellenes                                         Frederick William III of Prussia               William I, German Emperor                       Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz               Frederick III, German Emperor                             Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach               Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach                       Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia               Princess Sophia of Prussia                                   Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha               Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha                       Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg               Victoria, Princess Royal                             Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn               Victoria of the United Kingdom                       Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld             Styles of King Alexander of the Hellenes Reference style His Majesty Spoken style Your Majesty Alternative style Sir Sources Hindley, Geoffrey (2000). The Royal Families of Europe. New York: Caroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-0828-X.  "Alexander (Greece)" (15 ed.). 1990.  Miroslav Marek. "Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg". Genealogy.Eu. http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/oldenburg/oldenburg7.html#G1. Retrieved 30 June 2005.  Footnotes and references ^ Aspasia was not a member of any Western European royal or princely house. However, she descended from, for example, several reigning princes of Moldavia and Wallachia. Alexander himself was descended from several Roman Emperors of Constantinople; see Byzantine descent of Danish royals of Greece. ^ John Van der Kiste, Kings of the Hellenes (Alan Sutton Publishing, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, 1994) ISBN 0-7509-0525-5 p. 119 ^ Van der Kiste, p.120 ^ 'What Is History?' E.H. Carr p. 98 (Penguin, 1987) ^ "King of Greece Dies/ Monkey Bites Inflicted Oct. 2 Fatal to Alexander" Daily Herald (Chicago), 21 October 1920, p.2 ^ "King of Greece Reported Dead As Result of Monkey Bites" San Antonio Express, 20 October 1920, p.1 ^ "Monkey Bites King of Greece" The Portsmouth Herald, 14 October 1920, p.1; Van der Kiste, p.122 ^ "King Bitten By Monkey Has New Shivering Fit" Syracuse Herald, 13 October 1920, p.1 ^ Van der Kiste, p.122 ^ David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East ) 2nd Rep edition (Owl Books, NY, 2001) ISBN 0-8050-6884-8 ^ Van der Kiste, p. 132 Alexander of Greece House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg Born: 1 August 1893 Died: 25 October 1920 Regnal titles Preceded by Constantine I King of the Hellenes 11 June 1917 – 25 October 1920 Succeeded by Constantine I v • d • e Kings of Greece by house Wittelsbach (1832–1862) Otto Glücksburg (1863–1973) George I · Constantine I · Alexander · George II · Paul · Constantine II v • d • e Heads of state of Greece 1st Republic (1827–1832) Ioannis Kapodistrias · Augustinos Kapodistrias · Governing Councils Monarchy (1832–1924) Otto · Regency Council · George I · Constantine I · Alexander · Pavlos Kountouriotis1 · Queen Olga1 · Constantine I · George II 2nd Republic (1924–1935) Pavlos Kountouriotis · Theodoros Pangalos2 · Pavlos Kountouriotis · Alexandros Zaimis Monarchy (1935–1974) Georgios Kondylis1 2 · George II · Paul · Constantine II3 Military Junta (1967–1974) Georgios Zoitakis1 2 · Georgios Papadopoulos1 2 · Phaedon Gizikis2 3rd Republic (since 1974)4 Michail Stasinopoulos1 · Konstantinos Tsatsos · Constantine Karamanlis · Ioannis Alevras1 · Christos Sartzetakis · Constantine Karamanlis · Konstantinos Stephanopoulos · Karolos Papoulias 1 Regent or interim President. 2 Appointed by military regime. 3 Fled Greece in 1967. De jure head of state until the abolition of the monarchy in 1973/1974. 4 The 1973–1974 junta-proclaimed Republic is not officially recognised. v • d • e Princes of Greece (House of Glücksburg) 1st generation Constantine I · Prince George · Prince Nicholas · Prince Andrew · Prince Cristopher 2nd generation George II · Alexander · Paul · Prince Peter · Philip, Duke of Edinburgh · Prince Michael 3rd generation Constantine II 4th generation Crown Prince Pavlos · Prince Nikolaos · Prince Philippos 5th generation Prince Constantine-Alexios · Prince Achileas-Andreas · Prince Odysseas-Kimon · Prince Aristide-Stavros v • d • e Danish princes The generations are numbered from the ascension of Christian I as King of Denmark in 1448. 1st generation Prince Olaf · Prince Knut · John · Frederick I 2nd generation Prince John · Prince Ernest · Christian II · Prince Francis · Christian III · Prince John, Duke of Holstein-Haderslev  · Prince Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp · Prince Friedrich, Bishop of Hildesheim and Schleswig 3rd generation Prince John · Prince Philip Ferdinand · Prince Maximilian · Frederick II · Magnus of Livonia · Prince John, Duke of Holstein-Sonderburg 4th generation Christian IV · Prince Ulrik · Prince John 5th generation Prince Frederick  · Christian, Prince Elect · Frederick III · Prince Ulrik 6th generation Christian V · Prince Frederick · Prince George, Duke of Cumberland 7th generation Frederick IV · Prince Christian William · Prince Christian · Prince Charles  · Prince William · Prince William, Duke of Gloucester · Prince George · Prince Charles 8th generation Prince Christian · Christian VI · Prince Frederik Charles · Prince George · Prince Frederik Christian · Prince Charles 9th generation Frederick V 10th generation Prince Christian · Christian VII · Frederick, Hereditary Prince 11th generation Frederick VI · Christian VIII · Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince 12th generation Prince Christian · Prince Christian · Frederick VII 13th generation Frederick VIII · George I of Greece · Prince Valdemar 14th generation Christian X · Haakon VII of Norway · Prince Harald · Constantine I of Greece* · Prince George* · Prince Nicholas* · Prince Andrew* · Prince Christopher* · Prince Gustav · Prince Aage** · Prince Axel · Prince Erik** · Prince Viggo** 15th generation Frederick IX · Prince Knud · Prince Gorm · Prince Oluf** · George II of Greece* · Alexander of Greece* · Paul of Greece* · Philip, Duke of Edinburgh* · Prince Michael* · Prince Peter* · Prince George Valdemar · Prince Flemming Valdemar** 16th generation Henrik, Prince Consort*** · Prince Ingolf** · Prince Christian** · Constantine II of Greece* 17th generation Crown Prince Frederik · Prince Joachim · Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece* · Prince Nikolaos* · Prince Philippos* 18th generation Prince Constantine-Alexios* · Prince Nikolai · Prince Achileas-Andreas* · Prince Felix · Prince Odysseas-Kimon* · Prince Christian · Prince Aristide-Stavros*  · Prince Henrik *also a prince of Greece **lost his title due to an unequal marriage ***not a Danish prince by birth, but a royal prince consort Persondata Name Alexander Of Greece Alternative names Short description Date of birth 1 August 1893 Place of birth Athens, Greece Date of death 25 October 1920 Place of death Athens, Greece