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Tawny Coster Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Subfamily: Heliconiinae[1] Tribe: Acraeini Genus: Acraea Species: A. terpsicore Binomial name Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Acraea violae (Fabricius, 1793) The Tawny Coster (Acraea terpsicore[2]) is a small leathery winged butterfly which is common in grassland and scrub habitats. It belongs to the Nymphalidae or brush-footed butterfly family. It has a weak fluttery flight. It is avoided by most insect predators. This species and the Yellow Coster Acraea issoria are the only two Indian representatives of the predominantly African tribe Acraeini. Contents 1 Description 1.1 Male 1.2 Female 2 Distribution 3 Habitat 4 Habits 5 Life cycle 6 Lifecycle Gallery 6.1 Larva 6.2 Pupa 7 Different views & aspects 8 Cited references 9 Other references 10 See also 11 External links // Description mating in Narsapur, Medak district, India. Male Upperside tawny. Fore wing: a transverse black spot in cell, and another irregular, oblique and broader at the disco-cellulars ; a discal series of spots in interspaces 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10, and the apex and termen black. The upper four spots of the discal series inclined obliquely outwards, the lower two obliquely inwards ; the black edging to apex and termen narrowing posteriorly, but with slender linear-projections inwards in the interspaces. Hind wing: a basal series of four or five black spots with a similar spot beyond in middle of cell and a subcostal black spot above it, followed by a discal series of obscure blackish spots and a minute postdiscal black dot in interspaces 4 and 6 respectively ; finally, a broad black terminal band medially traversed by a series of small spots of the ground-colour. Most of the macular black markings are obscure, being only the spots on the underside seen by the transparency of the wing-membrane ; the inner edge of the black terminal band crenulate. Male at Sindhrot in Vadodara District of Gujarat, India. Underside: ground-colour ochraceous yellow or a paler tawny yellow. Fore wing paling to whitish on the apex, with the black markings as on the upper side but somewhat blurred and diffuse. Hind wing: the black spots and black terminal band as on the upperside, but the spots more clearly defined, none obscure; the series of spots traversing the black terminal margin very much larger and white- not tawny ; the base of the wing black, separated from the basal transverse series of black spots by two or three large whitish spots. Antennae black, head and thorax black spotted with ochraceous and white ; Abdomen anteriorly black, posteriorly ochraceous yellow with narrow transverse black lines; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, the thorax spotted with ochraceous, the abdomen with a longitudinal line of black at base. Female Female in Kolkata, India. Similar to that of the male. Upperside: ground-colour duller; the black spots on fore and hind wings larger, the upper discal spots often coalescing and forming an irregular oblique short band; the black edging to apex and termen on the fore wing and the black terminal band on the hind wing proportionately broader, the spots traversing the latter larger and whitish. Female in Kolkata, India. Underside: ground-colour much paler and duller, markings as on the upperside and, as in the male, the spots on the hind wing better defined than on the upperside, Antennae, bead, thorax and abdomen as in the male.[3] Wing expanse of 53-64 mm. Distribution The butterfly is found in India and Sri Lanka. It is common all the year round and is equally at home in forest clearings and open country. Though mainly seen at low elevations it has been recorded at heights of up to 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in south India and sometimes in the North. Habitat This is a butterfly of the hills as well as the plains. It is plentiful in the pre-monsoon and monsoon period and becomes scarce later on. Habits The butterfly exudes an oily and smelly yellow liquid when handled and is unpalatable to birds and most insects. They are well protected and have a slow and weak flight, frequently visiting flowers and are easily netted. There are no mimics in India. Life cycle The butterfly breeds on plants of the family Loganiaceae and species of Passiflora many of which contain toxins that are sequestered by the caterpillars. Lifecycle Gallery Caterpillar in Hyderabad, India. Caterpillar in Hyderabad, India. Caterpillar Pupa Adult Larva "Cylindrical, slender, with six longitudinal rows of fine branched spines; colour reddish brown with an oily gloss, much paler on the head, second and last segment; an unwholesome looking insect, doubtless protected like the butterfly." (Davidson & Aitken)[3] Pupa "Perpendicularly hung, long, slender, smooth; two lateral angles on the thorax; head quadrate; colour creamy white, with broad longitudinal bars of purplish-black spotted with orange." (Davidson & Aitken.)[3] Different views & aspects A watercolour based on a Sri Lankan specimen by Robert Templeton circa 1840 mating in Narsapur, Medak district, India. mating in Narsapur, Medak district, India. ‎ in Narsapur, Medak district, India. on Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Porterweed) in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India. in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Male on Coat buttons Tridax procumbens in Hyderabad, India. Found in Changanacherry Kerala .‎ Male in Hyderabad, India. At Vikhroli, Mumbai Female in Kolkata, India. Male in Kolkata, India. Male in Kolkata, India. The tawny coster Cited references ^ Silva-Brandão, K. L., N. Wahlberg, R. B. Francini, A. M. L. Azeredo-Espin, K. S. Brown Jr., M. Paluch, D. C. Lees and A. V. L. Freitas. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe Acraeini (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) and the evolution of host plant use. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46(2):515-531. ^ Bernaud, D. and Pierre, J. (1997) Acraea terpsicore (Linné), problèmes de nomenclature et données biologiques (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 102(5):405-412 ^ a b c Bingham, C. T. (1905) Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Vol 1. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Acraea terpsicore Wikispecies has information related to: Acraea terpsicore Other references Bingham, C.T.(1905) Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 1. Wynter-Blyth, M.A., (1957) Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India. Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press,Hyderabad. ISBN 81-7371-354-5 See also Nymphalidae List of butterflies of India List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae) External links Sri Lanka Wild Life Information Database http://www.srilankaninsects.net/Butterflies/Nymphlidae/TawnyCoster/TawnyCoster.htm