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The Catalan donkey is one of the animals that appear in the moral stories of Catalan seny. Another of the animals illustrating some ancestral Catalan moral lessons is the rat. False yellowhead (Dittrichia viscosa) flowers. Seny (from latin sensus) is a form of ancestral Catalan wisdom or sensibleness. It involves well-pondered perception of situations, level-headedness, awareness, integrity and right action. The opposite of seny is known as rauxa or foolish recklessness. Contents 1 Cultural significance 2 Examples 3 See also 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 External links // Cultural significance Many Catalans consider seny something unique to their culture, a true Catalan symbol. Seny as a particular characteristic of Catalan society is based on a set of ancestral local customs stemming from the scale of values and social norms of traditional Catalan rural society. The values of seny were transmitted from generation to generation without much change in the shape of aphorisms and moral stories. These were largely based on Christian values and their examples and illustrations often included animals and plants that were common in rural Catalonia. This oral lore caught the attention of Josep Torras i Bages, bishop of Vic at the beginning of the 20th century.[1] He became very interested in the pattern in which the seny was transmitted from one generation to the other as an oral tradition. Thus he encouraged Josep Abril i Virgili (1869-1918), a writer, to gather the moral stories and illustrate them in a book that was published as Bon seny (Good seny). This more or less representative compilation of moral lessons regarding seny was illustrated by artist Joan Junceda (1881-1948).[2] Published in the Catalan language before the Spanish Civil War Bon seny became rare during General Franco's era, when so much Catalan printed material had been burned and printing in Catalan was severely restricted.[3] Many of the seny proverbs that defined traditional Catalan values have lost most of their sense today. The reason is the erosion of Christian values as fundamental in present-day postchristian Catalan society, which sees itself today as a society based largely on secular principles. Examples Many of the seny aphorisms are short: Tenen els plaers de la vida, bona entrada i mala eixida. L'home avar és com el porc, no aprofita fins que és mort. No vos 'nemoreu, amor, de cap fadrina gallarda que és com la flor d'olivarda molt guapa, i dolenta d'olor Home pelut, o és molt savi o és molt ruc. The pleasures of life have, a good entrance and a bad exit. The tight-fisted man is like a pig, he is only useful after death. My dear one, don't fall in love with any woman who only has good looks, she is like a false yellowhead (Dittrichia viscosa) flower: beautiful, but full of stench (unpleasantness). A hairy man, is either very wise or (brutish) like a donkey. The following story, La rata magra o La rata engarjolada, illustrates the dangers of greed: Rata magra veu l'ocell, tranquil a dintre sa gàbia, i, amb tota la seva ràbia, s'hi fica; i el passarell té un surt fort, i es mort. Rata magra s'el cruspeix, més s'ha tant ben atipada, que, de cop, no té passada. Moral: Quan t'atii la maldat, pensa aixó que es veritat: Panxa prim hi passaràs, massa fart t'hi quedaràs. The lean rat sees the bird sitting quietly in its cage, and full of anger she enters it and the bird dies startled. The lean rat eats it, but she has filled her belly so much that, suddenly, she is not able to leave (the cage). Morale: When evil tempts you, think about the following truth: With a lean belly you will escape Too full, you will be trapped. See also Josep Torras i Bages Bibliography Ausiàs March, Plena de Seny. Cerverí de Girona, Obra moral; Oració de tot dia; Mal dit ben dit; Testament; La faula del rossinyol; sermó; proverbis. Jaume Raventós, Proses de bon seny, morals i socials. "Foment de pietat catalana". Barcelona 1923 (4 volums) Josep Maria Folch i Torres, Historietes exemplars, Barcelona 1938 (10 volums). Reed. Editorial Balmes, 1984. Gaziel, Seny, treball i llibertat. 1963 References ^ Josep Torras i Bages, La tradició catalana, 1892 ^ Joan Junceda: l'Enciclopèdia – enciclopedia.cat ^ Bon seny, aforismes, faules i acudits; Balmes DL, Barcelona, Reprinted 1984 This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the Catalan Wikipedia. External links Carta del Bisbe de Vic a Jaume Raventós en aplegar els volums titulats Proses de bon Seny Pàgines viscudes (1915-1938). Josep Maria Folch i Torres